![]() ![]() The integrated monitoring system successfully captures the information on deformation, AE signals, and crack propagation in the instantaneous process of the surrounding rock spalling failure, which provides a sound basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism. ![]() The test results indicate that the physical model test successfully simulates the spalling phenomena of the deep hard rock. A high-speed camera, distributed fiber optic sensing, acoustic emission (AE) system, and visual imaging correlation-2D (VIC-2D) techniques are integrated to monitor the mechanical response of the surrounding rocks. The test process mainly includes model preparation, loading, excavation, and monitoring. Based on the frequent occurrence of stress-induced hazards in deep rock tunnels, a physical model experimental study of the development process, failure mechanism, and onset conditions of deep hard rock spalling in horseshoe-shaped tunnels is carried out. ![]()
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